As the sun rose over France on August 13, 2011, Knut Olstad was looking forward to continuing his bicycle journey along the Tour de France route. But by the end of the day, the vacation had taken a terrible turn that would change his life.
The 46-year-old financial consultant from Norway doesn't remember much about the accident that left him paralyzed from the chest down. He was shown pictures of himself lying on the ground with a broken back after being catapulted from his bike while trying to avoid a collision with a car.
After his initial recovery, Olstad searched the Internet for information that might get him out of the wheelchair he now uses to move around.
This is how he found a clinical trial conducted by StemCells Inc. at Balgrist University Hospital in Zurich, Switzerland. The company was looking for 12 recently paralyzed patients for a study of its product: purified human neural stems cells derived from donated fetal brain tissue.
The company was looking to see whether the cells were safe to use and could ultimately be a treatment for central nervous system disorders, including paralysis. Neural stem cells have the ability to grow into any type of cell found in the central nervous system.
While many patients with spinal cord injuries have put a lot of hope in stem cell research, study has been very slow to move forward. StemCells Inc. was granted permission to conduct its study just a month after the world's first approved clinical trial testing human embryonic stem cells in humans was shut down by the biotech company Geron due to excessive costs.
Geron was testing embryonic stem cells in paraplegics. StemCells Inc. received approval to start the clinical trial in Switzerland using non-embryonic stem cells, called adult stem cells, which are not quite as controversial.
To qualify for the trial, patients had to have suffered a complete thoracic spinal cord injury within the past four to 12 months. This means their spinal cord was severely injured at the chest level, so they still have movement of their arms and hands but can't feel or move anything below the chest.
After a week of testing, Olstad got some good and bad news from Dr. Armin Curt, the main researcher for this study. The bad news, according to Curt, was that Olstad did indeed have a "complete" spinal cord injury. On the flip side, Olstad qualified for the study.
Four months after his accident, when researchers were confident that Olstad's condition would no longer improve naturally, he was wheeled into an operating room where 20 million neural stem cells were injected.
The process takes only about five to 10 minutes, says Dr. Stephen Huhn, a neurosurgeon and the head of the CNS (central nervous system) Program at StemCells. The cells don't go into the actual lesion or injury point on the spinal cord, he says, but into the tissue immediately surrounding the lesion.
After a month-long stay in the hospital following surgery, Olstad says, things started to happen. Although he couldn't say where exactly he was being touched (like on his abdomen or his side), he says, "If somebody touched me, I could feel it. I couldn't feel that before the operation."
This week, Curt presented data on the how the first three patients in his study are doing. Researchers and investors attending the meeting of the International Spinal Cord Society learned that these stem cells were not only well-tolerated and safe but that what Olstad was feeling was occurring in two of the three patients.
All three patients were tested for motor and sensory function at three and six months after their injections to see whether the stem cells were helping.
Researchers evaluated whether each patient could feel being touched lightly, getting a pin prick and having heat applied to their skin. To verify that they weren't recording a placebo effect and could actually feel pain, researchers sent electrical impulses across the spinal cord to see whether the stimulation was registering in the brain.
Patient No. 1 saw no changes. But when researchers tested patients No. 2 and No. 3 (Olstad), they were able to see that something was indeed happening.
"We actually saw changes which we rather did not expect to see," Curt said. "These findings support the changes we see are not related to placebo effect."
StemCells Inc. recognizes the importance of not over-hyping its results, because it doesn't want to give other patients false hope.
Both Curt and Huhn were clear about the fact that results from three patients are very preliminary, and a lot more research needs to be done to replicate these results and fully explain what might be happening. They plan to follow these and future patients for a long time.
Dr. Keith Tansey, director of spinal cord injury research at the Shepherd Center in Atlanta, was not involved with this study but attended the meeting where Curt presented this early data. Tansey says these are promising results and a good sign for the study going forward. But he adds a note
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